These days, with various health issues including the widespread of viruses, more people are becoming greatly concerned about their immune system. Our immune system functions to protect us against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, neutralize harmful substances from the environment and to fight abnormal changes that can cause diseases like cancer.
如今，随着各种健康问题，包括病毒的广泛传播，越来越多的人开始关注他们的免疫系统。我们的免疫系统可以保护我们免受细菌和病毒等病原体的侵害，中和环境中的有害物质，并对抗可能导致癌症等疾病的异常变化。
Then, what about those who are immunocompromised? Immunocompromised or immunosuppressed is defined as people who have weakened immune system. In these people, the ability to counter infections and diseases are diminished. Weakened immune system can be attributed to some diseases or conditions such as AIDS, cancer; especially those on anti-cancer treatment, malnutrition, diabetes, alcoholism, organ transplant and genetical disorders.
那么，那些免疫功能低下的人呢？免疫功能低下或免疫抑制是指免疫系统较弱的人。在这些人中，抵抗感染和疾病的能力减弱了。免疫系统减弱可归因于某些疾病或症状，例如艾滋病、癌症；特别是那些抗癌治疗、营养不良、糖尿病、酗酒、器官移植和遗传疾病的人。
Because of their poor immune system, immunocompromised patients are more likely to contract infections that can last longer and lead to worse outcome in comparison to the general population. Among the infections that can easily be prevented is food poisoning. Therefore, in this article, we will discuss on the nutrition for immunosuppressed patients which focuses on the mitigation of foodborne illnesses.
由于免疫系统较差，与普通人群相比，免疫功能低下的患者更容易感染持续时间更长并导致更差结果的感染。容易预防的感染包括食物中毒。因此，在本帖中，我们将重点讨论免疫抑制患者在减轻食源性疾病的营养。
Immunocompromised people should avoid consuming these foods:
免疫功能低下的人应避免食用这些食物：
- Raw or undercooked food including fish, meat, seafood, poultry, egg, honey et cetera.
生的或未煮熟的食物，包括鱼、肉、海鲜、家禽、鸡蛋、蜂蜜等。
- Food containing raw ingredients such as cookie dough.
饼干面团等含有原料的食品。
- Ready-to-eat frozen goods such as ham and pepperoni.
火腿、意大利辣香肠等即食冷冻食品。
- Unpasteurised milk or dairy product.
未经巴氏消毒的牛奶或乳制品。
- Fermented/aged food or beverages such as blue cheese, kombucha and cider.
发酵/陈年食品或饮料，例如蓝纹奶酪、康普茶和苹果酒。
- Unrefrigerated cream/custard including in baked products.
未冷藏的奶油/奶油冻，包括烘焙产品。
- Ready-to-eat/pre-packaged food from stalls, delicatessens, or supermarkets such as pre-cut fruits, vegetables, and cheese.
来自摊位、熟食店或超市的即食/预包装食品，如预切水果、蔬菜和奶酪。
- Unwashed/poor quality fruits and vegetables.
未清洗/劣质的水果和蔬菜。
- Raw vegetable sprouts.
生菜芽。
- Rough-surfaced vegetables such as broccoli, or fruits such as strawberries.
表面粗糙的蔬菜，如西兰花，或水果，如草莓。
- Leftovers more than 1 day or food exposed for greater than 4 hours.
超过1天的剩菜或暴露超过4小时的食物。
- Uncooked/Unfiltered water or ice cubes.
未煮过/未过滤的水或冰块。
- Pre-prepared beverages from juice bar, stalls, or market.
来自果汁吧、摊位或市场预先准备好的饮料。
- Probiotic products (Unless prescribed by healthcare providers).
益生菌产品（除非医疗保健提供者规定）。
While preparing food for the immunosuppressed individuals, it is important to practice the four basic food safety steps to prevent food contamination:
在为免疫抑制者准备食物时，重要的是要执行四个基本的食品安全步骤以防止食品污染：
- Clean: Wash your hands before, during and after food preparation. Clean your countertops and utensils during food preparation.
清洁：在准备食物之前、期间和之后洗手。在准备食物时清洁您的台面和餐具。
- Separate: Do not mix raw food such as meat with ready-to eat food such as fruits. The utensils for these items should also be separated.
分类：不要将肉类等生食与水果等即食食品混合。这些物品的用具也应该分开。
- Cook: Make sure food items are cooked to safe temperature (above 75˚C) using thermometer.
烹饪：确保使用温度计将食物烹饪至安全温度（75˚C 以上）。
- Chill: Perishable food should be refrigerated within 2 hours, or within 1 hour if the food is exposed to temperature above 30˚C such as in a hot car.
冷藏：易腐烂的食物应在2小时内冷藏，如果食物暴露在30˚C以上的温度（例如在热车中），则应在1小时内冷藏。
All in all, ensuring food hygiene is especially crucial in immunosuppressed individuals as they are more susceptible to infections. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Talk to your healthcare providers for a more personalized nutritional advice.
总而言之，确保食品卫生对免疫抑制个体尤为重要，因为他们更容易受到感染。俗话说，预防胜于治疗。与您的医疗保健提供者交谈，以获取更个性化的营养建议。
